Understanding of Science Technology

*3/15

It is difficult to cover every tech since range of tech is too wide and extensive

In order to keep up with current trend as well as future prospect, U need to read news. Don't read everything, but read section U're interested.(Pf picks up and focuses on Nuclear energy)

Just saying is meaningless. In order to develop tech, it is essential for Gov to assign sufficient amount of budget to tech.

Assembly has right to pass budget plan that is made by Gov(기획재정부, affiliated department, the most powerful one cuz it has right, authority making money)

Civil servant who retired might go to affiliated subsidiary organizations that are related to their duites.

한시법(turned into 과학기술기본법) means law that is temporarily valid for special purpose.

For 2 decades, Japan suffered from economoic recession due to bubble economy (overprice of house), aging. Korea one seems to follow what Japan expierenced.

There is nothing that can be done by only one department. Without cooperation based on consensus, Nothing can be initiated.

Nobel prize is awared to scientist, not technologist. Compared to Science, Tech is very short-term, which Korea is concentrating on. However it requires at least 10 years to develop real science. Put it another way, science tech should be studied for long-term, from generation to generation as Japan has been doing.

There is no space for creativity since S&T department shoul meet requirements from the other departments.

What is the most important thing for creativity? Free and autonomous atmosphere that we don't have now.

새마을운동 is one of the most successful top 10 movements in the world after WW2. However the term of representatives is too short for them to take fully responsibility, develop basic sience, leading to small, not-effective outcomes given enormous amonunt of investment. Unt laws take effect, it always takes some time

헌법

1.Right and obiligation of citizen

2.Government structure

법률

명령

1.대통령=시행령(재정권자가 대통령)

2.총리령=부령(same as one above)

*3/22

If electronic is provided properly&enoughly (particularly by Gov), everybody can get chance to move upworld, even in North Korea. (Condition for channel of social mobility) In contemporary society, electornic is almost like air, usually described as electornic 'meal'. This is we need energy for produce another energy.

Korea exports 97% of entire energy we consumes. Korea relys on export as much as 97% in terms of energy. Korea produces only 3% of energy for itself.

Due to OPEC fixing the price collaborately, oil price surged 2, 3, even 5 times. Of course, Korea can't produce energy for itself, it is very succeptible to deciosn of OPEC. What did Korea do to address high reliance problem? Introduction of Nuclear power plant.

We don't feel importance of electrocity. But even 20 years ago, electrocity was scarce and rare.

2 nuclear power plants are constructed as a single set, costing 7~8조.

텅키베이스? Korea used to leave almost all process of development and construciotn to US and just operate nuclear plant, like just put the key into the car. However, within very short time, Korea started to export tech of nuclear energy abroad. Of course, it doesn't depend on US to operate NP anymore.

Risk means, not certain, destined danger, but potential danger that we can't anticipate 100%. The extent of risk differs depending on which system we choose. To manage and minimize the risks, laws, especially about permission determining what U can do or what U need to do, legislated.

Barter(swap) means to exchange products and services each other based on free contract.

Why aren't deregulations easily initiated eventhough requirments are so strong? Since sombody must take responsibility followed by initiatives, which takes benefits from them.

Once a right is given, it is irreversible, can't be retreived.

Whent it comes to setting up law, it is essential to judge(decide) what extent is the optimum point(which level of regulation is the most proper and efficient. Regulating both too much and too little is not appropriate. Regulations should be property set up.

If the extent exceeds certain level, social order cannot be maintained, To prevent this, a state legislates regulations.

In 1980, Nuclear power laws were legistalted. But NP laws were started to be considered 5 years earlier than it's setting up. Every law needs to be changed flexiblely according to change at society. Put it another way, evey law should reflect needs from social change. Law and society can't be seperated, but go together.

When we introduce laws from abroad, we need to refer to foreign laws to legislate our own law by comparison. We mixed up US and Japan's autonomic nuclear laws. (Taking outlien from US, specific contents from Japan)

Law specialist rarely involves in S&T, causing bunch of problems.(Instead, ministers of each department involves)

When we trade S&T, the other things like people, idea, culture, laws must always be accompanied(entailed)

Permssion institution with regard to nuclear power is divided into 2 catagories.

1)operation 2)construction

The problem is regulations regarding change are so picky that it takes related groups too much time.

*3/29

Put the responsibility(blame) on parents for their children's misbehaving

From a different angle=In another aspect

First and foremost

Previous engagement

None of the parents want to raise their children in a way that they become bad.

It doesn't make sense we think the young child killed granma purposely

=the young child killed granma with malice

=the young child killed granma with the purpose of kiling her.

Yellow dust air pollution from China stared around 2000.

When sun light touch the car's window, half of that reflects, half of that penetrete window and turn into heat energy, resulting in increase of temperature inside. It is the same principle that explains why temperature of earth keeps rising. Carbon emission plays role of window that make sunlight penetrate atmosphere and block that from going out of earth.

We have no choice but to increase reliance of nuclear energy because carbon emission does harm to enviroment. (cause damage to enviroment)

While we eat fish eating metal pollutants, those pollutants are cumilated inside our body. Put it another way, we dig our grave. While inspector chase the reasons of many disease and death, they found that primary reason is from polluted fish. The problem is they don't know who does damage enviroment. Every victim wants to put the responsibility to someone, but there is not obvious attacker because

1.So many actors are involved in pollution

2.It is hard to decide how much responsibility they take each other among attackers

3.we can't make it clear that polluted fish caused damage to human body. Cuz there are lots of other variables(factors) influencing on outcome so that we can't be sure that how strongly one variable affected the outcome.=To what extent we should ascribe problems to one variables.

For example, Let's say that person 'A' got disease, scare cancer, while he was working in factory. We might think the cause of his disease is working in factory because he was working in factory. However, getting disease while working in factory does not necessarily mean the disease was caused by working in factory since there might be the other varibalbes. The cancer he got might be caused by his gene, by his bad diet habit and so on. Put it another way, his cancer would have been caused without working in factory. In summary, we can not clarify cause-effect relationship because there are so many variables affecting outcome.

This ambiguous relationship can also be applied to fish situtation. There is no reason we don't apply this logic to only fish problem.=nonsene to make only fish case exceptional case.

=It is almost impossible for victims to prove that their problems caused by attackers. Therefore it is more reasonable to require attackers to prove that they are not involved in the problems.

In past, poor(low) class got disadvantags from enviromental pollution. It is absurd because attackes and victims are different. It goes without saying that person sould take his responsibility for what he did. However, thesedays, harm of environmental pollution is indiscriminate. Put it another word, evrerybody, regardless of sex, age, class, even nation, is damaged by(피해를 입다) pollution.

How America and Japan deal with laws is quite different from how Korea does. For example, Japan uses different volume of electrocity from ours since Japan need to prepare for(대비하다) frequent earthquake and minimize the damage from that. In summary, law differs from country to country depending on their own environment. Put it another way, laws need to be modified for fitting well to each own society.

*4/5

●IAEA(Ineternational Automic Energy Agency)(located in 비엔나, Austria)

UN-affiliated organization. It has been almost 50 years that it was established.

US monopolized automic energy. However SU succeeded in developing own automic energy and China, UK, the other country, totally 5 country did. The fact that 5 countries had automic energy and the other coutires might develop another one gave concern every country that there might be nuclear weapon war. Therefore 5 countries made IAEA with purpose of non-proliferation of nuclear energy.

1.Vertical denuclearization : agree to limit nuclear test and development within 5 countires.

2.Horizontal denuclearization : prevent proliferation of nuclear weapon to another country except for 5 countries.

Currently

Only NK does nuclear test.

France relies on over 50% of all energy in terms of nuclear energy.

Korea gets 30% of total energy from nuclear energy.

In contrast with France and Korea, Germnay is abolishing nuclear energy.

●The principle how nuclear weapon is made

우라늄 are made mainly of U228 and U235. U235 is source of nuclear energy.

To use nuclear energy, 우라늄 is needed to be compressed until U235 composition rate reach 3~4%.

The problem is that if 우라늄 is compressed until U235 composition rate of total 우라늄 reaches over 90%,

1.It becomes nuclear bomb.

2.U228 turned into U239(플루토늄)(New one. It can't form by natural process. Totally artificial), another nuclear bomb.

The bomb droped on 히로시마 was 우라늄, that on 나가사키 was 플라토늄

Korea has 24 nuclear plants and US  has over 100 nuclear plants. Given population of both countries, we can say that Korea has much more plants than US does.

The reason Korea can't develop nuclear weapon is not because we don't have tech (it is even found on the internet) but because IEAE and other countries restircts each other.

US uses two tracks for prevent proliferation of nuclear energy

1.appeal to IAEA

2.enter into an agreement of non-proliferation b/w countries.

ex)US-Japan nuclear energy agreement

Under this US system, Korea borrows source of nuclear energy from US. Korea just has technology.

Nobody can develop nuclear bomb with very tiny amount of 플루토늄. Put it anotehr way, certain amount of 플루토늄 is essential. The important thing is the technology that extracts 플루토늄.

Non-proliferation of nuclear energy treaty

It is unfair and uniequal treaty given that 5 countries can still develop nulcear energy whereas the rest of the countries can't.

Based on this treaty, they monitor(watch)(감시) and examine(검토) all the processes of using nuclear energy (ex. where and how much did Korea use nuclear energy?). In Asia, the monitor is focused on Japan by 90%, in Europe  on Germany.

Invisible trade through internet accounts for almost all trades.

Regarding 체르노빌 nuclear accident, the point was who should take the responsibility and compensate for victims who got damages? Even though governmnet didn't have responsibility and were not involed in that accident, because one of the government's responsibilities is to protect citizen, government compensate part of damages.

●the way prevent proliferation of nuclear energy

-restriction&sanction on trade

-physical defend

-periodic check and examination

√job creation

creat a job / prevent job creation / It can contribute to job creation

*4.12

2010016464

사회학과

심규열

△Without our knowing, we might be watched&monitored for 24/7 by surveilance camera that are installed all of the places.

△If an attacker receive demand of an victim as fast as possible without any delay, there's gonna be no problem. As a matter of fact, from victim point of view, what he or she want is justified compensation itself whoever compensate(누군든간에). Since there might be case that cost is so hight that attacker cannot afford to compensate, we have insurance system.

->(analogy)

△원자력손해배상법(compensation for damage)(손해배상)

Predict extent of damages that will be caused by accident.

-주택임대차보호법

the landlord(demand) are very few whereas tenants(supply) are too many. So landlord often break the contract, leading to threat to life of tenants. To prevent this situation, put it another way, to guarantee tenant's safety, this law was made. According to this law, a tenant has two types of rigths. The one is right to live in house that tenant is given based on agreement with landlord for the term of contract(계약기간). The other is if that house is put on auction, tenant can get deposit firstly.

-Price-Anderson Act (made by US)

Situation:Related parties cannot predict what kind of and how big damage occurs to them.

US gives companies as much autonomy as possible. However once the accidents occur, government push(blame on) strong, strick responsibility to those companies. In contrast to US, Korea restricted(regulated) companies rather than giving autonomy. Plus push big responsibility as well. Threrefore companies cannot work efficiently.

-유한책임

limits the amount of compensation that companies should take. US limited company's compensation by 5억6000만 dollar and the rest of cost was paid by government. (Beforehand, related parties agree on how much accident cost or what extent they will compensate to) In addition, government split compensation fee to various actors like atomic energy operator, electronic company.

-무한책임

compensate for damage for 100%

-고의&과실

Regarding criminal law, whether attacker did purposely or not is relatively obvious compared to law of compensation for damage. Therefore, it is victim who should prove that attacker's purpose or mistake. In contrast to criminal law, with respect to compensation for law, it is almost impossible to identify attackers make trouble on purpose, even, sometimes who makes trouble. Hence it is attacker who should prove that they did not make trouble with purpose or they did not make trouble. ex)삼성 반도체 사건

-It is unjust to put whole responsibility to medium and small firms who provide componets that are small part of entire nuclear plant. Rather, it is more reasonable to put responsibility only that they cause.

-US's stance on exporitng nuclear energy

If U require us big responsibility that will be caused by accident, we will not exprot and vice versa. Of coursed korea's stance is opposite to US. As result of negotiation, agreement ended up in the matter of extent in responsibility.

Whether korea accpet nuclear power or not(5매) extent of social extent

Note that I should record 'footnote'.

4월 19일 수업o, 26일x, <5월10일 리포트>

√To what extent and by which means has this been achieved?

To what extent is crime based on purpose?

To what extent is nuclear danger acceptable?

√criminal law(형법) vs civil law(민법)

√Socially weak ppl=disdavantaged group=the second class citizen.

positive discrimination=affirmativ action.

*4.19

2010016464

사회학과

심규열

△With respect to star's suicide largely caused by mess media, we don't know who were(was)exactly responsible for. Even if we know, if attackers are not one, but more than two, how fairly can we put responsibility to each one?

△Evacuation due to atomic accident

When radioactive pollutant leaks, ppl living nearby there should evacuate. The problem is it takes lots of time and money including trasportaion fee, food and so on. Cost goes up given opportunity cost that would have be earned unless evacuation was not done.

Regard this cost problem, someone should compensate since local ppl did nothing. To decide who should take reponsiblity of compensation, which principle should we choose and apply? one of them is the principle holding that related parties who get benefit should take as much1 responsibility as what they get benefit.

Since, number one, it is impossible for one eletrocity company to take whole responsibility, number two, it is one of the government's duty to keep and guarantee certain level of public life (need to know that bankrupty of electronic company can lead to excerbattion of public life), government needs take part of responsibility to compansate that cost.

△The effect of atomic power

It is rare that symptom affected by radioactivity shows up right after exposition to radioactive pollutant.

Sometimes, damages which is not related to radioactivity occur.

For instance, when radioactivity leaks, due to 'rumor' or exaggerated warning like 'every fish living far away from accident spot is contaminated by radioactivity', 'those villages located far away from accident spot is also contaminate by radioactivity', which is not scientific true, some innocent people get damages. (Fish sellers and tourist business operator(관광사업자)

△COP 21, Paris convention, 2 degree celcious

If 2 degree celcious increase, unimaginable and massive natural disaster will occcur, which is irreversible. To prevent this disaster, international convention forcese every member coutnry to cut the global warming gases like CO2, automobile exhaust(자동차 배기가스)and encourage them to use renewable such as electronic energy.

However what is needed to produce electrocity? As of now, 3 times amonut of fossil fuels are needed to produce electrocity. Therefore, atomic energy is suggested as alternative until electrocity efficiency increase.

△Regarding international convention confronting us, English proficiency as well as knowledge about specific areas are essential.

be contaminated by radioactivity

automobile exhaust

5/10

201001646

사회학과

심규열

원자력안전정보공개법(안)

The problem of building nuclear power plant as well as big factories.

Gov need to move residents to other regions in order to retain enough terriority for building big facility. However. The environment where residents have resided cannot be same with new regions. Hence residents start to reject compensation for this reason.

the unit cost of nuclear power for electrocity is the cheapest. However after chernovil nuclear accident, people have very negative perception toward nuclear power. It is matter of course given that chernovil nuclear accident brought about massive, fatal and irreversible damage. Due to potential danger of nuclear power, Right to know has been claimed by many public.

Even if we can have lots of information, it doesn't necessarily mean that we can prevent accident. The thing we need with information is specialty to filter out unnecessary information and make use of that information.

To revitalize korean economy, some bills were passed to Congress.

Constitutionalism means everything is based on law. The situation when necessary laws don't exist so that it cause confusion is called absence of laws. Hence congress needs to look over current situation to keep up with the change of country and accordingly, amend laws properly.

Moreover sometimes laws conflict each other.

Legislating law doesn't always bring the best outcome, that is, represent interest of the public as much as, as various as possible. Rather, under perspective of relation of power, legislating laws is process of negotitaiont with various interest groups.

김영란법 regarding law of bribery

In order for bribery law to be applied, situation should meet condition of repaying. Previous law consider 'intention' of behavior. If someone give present just for expressing gratitude, it is not bribery. But if someone does that expecting something in return, it is bribery. But who knows that intention that can be not identified on the surface?

김영란법 is response to this problme. According to 김영란법, regardless someone give something expecting something in return or not, if civil servant give or get any economic benefit, it is bribery. Hence 김영란법 elmiminate possiblity of briber in ther frist place. The status 'civili servant' even includes teachers.

The most obvious standard by which we can decide whether or not it is bribery is your state of mind.

5/17

심규열

사회학과

2010016464

6월 7일 종강

*Every institution has flaws as well as functions just like any other thing. Everything has both sides, good&bad aspect at the same time.

*Driveless car(무인자동차)

The effeciency of utility of car will be decreasing due to driveless car. It will lead to decrease of car production, resulting in downsize of workers who engage in automobile industry. Furthermore, there are lots of workers working in relavant industries other than carmaker, for instance repairshop, the advent of driveless car cause massive layoff to workers. On the other hand, given lots of car accident, sometimes, cause death, we can say driveless car contribute to safety. In conclusion, drivelss car has good&bad sides at the same time. The thing is development of drivelss car is unavoidable so that we need to make this technology go to right direction in a way that benefit human-well being.

conservative vs progressive

make use of the most modern technology

make use of time in the most efficient way.

Constitutionalism

Relation of power

civili servant

*5/24

심규열

사회학과

2010016464

Thanks to advancement of technology, it becomes possible for people to have baby without having sax through, for instance, artificail fertilizaton (test-tube baby) / surrogate mother.

Long time ago, Not being able to have baby was ascribed only to woman. Particulary, it was considered one of the 7 guilts for woman not to have male baby. This tradition reflects patriarchy society lacking of gender inequality.

What is surrogate mother?

In case that woman have health problem in having baby, The third woman have baby with other spouse's sperm in exchange for money. Surrogate mother have several problems.

Principaly, it gives unethical chance to use their own body to earn money.

Deontologically saying, body should not be used for money, but respected seriously. Surrogate mother is like prostitution in that they sell/use their body in exchange for money.

it derpives surrogate of potential chance to get out of poor sate and advance into better quality of life.

Usually, it is poor people who have child instead of legal mother in exchange for money. From perspective of poor people, surrogate mother looks very attractive because they can earn big money easily. Why is it? Because usually demander to surrogate are much wealthier than surrogate, (Wanting through substitutionary option premise they are wealthy enough to afford to make contract with surrogate), market price is set higher than other job is. Plus it looks very easy, because job that surrogate thinks first regarding surrogate is just lying down on the bad. Of course, pain of giving birth is unimmaginabley painful, but surrogate are subconciously reluctant to consdier that pain since they are tempted to big money at the moment they're suggested contract.

Attractiveness deprives them of other productive alternatives make them wealthy for long term such as education, open own store. As a result, they cannot get out of poor state and stuck into surrogate that block chance of development, improvement.

Practically, high possibility harming every stakeholder (surrogate mother, legal fatehr&mother)

Apart from moral, princiapl problem, put it in another way, let's say surrogate mather doesn't have any ethical, practical problems I mentioned before. From perspective of market economy, every stakeholder gets benenfits based on voluntary contract. Everyone gets what they want each other. It's win-win game. Surrogate gets money, demander gets baby. what they want each other. However, quite often, it doesn't work. Rather, stakeholder go into worse situation that could have not happened in the first place if there is no suggorate option.

How does it happen? There is high chance for surrogate break contract because they frequently feel unxpected affection, mother love to baby after they give birth, resulting in them rejecting to transfer baby to demanders. It is understandable given that mother love is biological emotion that cannot be easily overcome by free will. Under this situation what happens is, from surrogate pov, they suffer from more economic poverty because they have additional burden to feed and we need to consider they're already very poor in the first place.

*5/31

2010016464

사회학과

심규열

Surrogate mother(substitutionary)

Artificial fertilization

Patriarchy