명화 읽는 영어수업 13(삼등열차)

1.

1) A woman is nursing her baby, who is sucking milk. Next to her, an old woman with her hands clasped atop a basket is seated. She looks spaced out. A boy is asleep beside the old woman; he looks very tired.

2) The main subject of the painting is a group of poor passengers in a crowded third-class railway carriage, highlighting the harsh realities of the working class in 19th-century French society.

3) Daumier depicts the passengers as weary and cramped together, their tired and worn-out expressions reflecting the physical discomfort they endure. The figures are not individually distinct but collectively convey the hardship of the lower class.

4) The passengers' expressions convey exhaustion, discomfort, and resignation. Their tired faces suggest the physical and emotional toll of their journey and their social position.

5) Daumier uses muted tones and rough brushwork to create a sense of discomfort and to highlight the harshness of the passengers' situation. The lack of vibrant colors contributes to the somber mood of the painting.

6) The painting represents the lower or working class, who are shown cramped and uncomfortable in the third-class carriage. In contrast, the upper classes traveled in comfort and luxury, which is emphasized through the painting's focus on the poor.

7) The cramped space and unkempt clothing symbolize the social and economic oppression of the working class. They reflect the poor living conditions and the lack of dignity afforded to lower-class people in society.

8) The painting shows how the poor were stuck in difficult situations while the rich were able to live comfortably. It highlights the unfair treatment of the poor.

9) Daumier focuses on poor people to show their struggles. He wants people to understand the difficult lives that many ordinary people had to live.

10) The overall message of the painting is a critique of social inequality and the dehumanizing effects of class divisions. Daumier calls for social reform by highlighting the struggles of the working class and urging a reconsideration of how society treats its most vulnerable members.

2.

poor people – 가난한 사람들

paupers – 빈곤한 사람들, 거지들

reduced the amount of food – 음식 양을 줄이다

small bowl of gruel – 작은 그룰 한 그릇 (그룰은 저렴한 식사로, 빈곤을 상징)

gruel – 저질 음식, 빈곤한 식사

hungry – 배고픈

desperate with hunger – 배고픔에 절박한

reckless with misery – 불행에 무모한

the amount allotted to him – 그에게 할당된 양

locked up – 갇히다 (빈곤과 관련된 처벌 또는 구속)

notice offering five pounds to anyone who wanted an apprentice – '견습생을 원하는 사람에게 5파운드 제공' (빈곤을 해결하기 위한 방법으로, 가난한 사람들에게 기회가 제공되는 상황)

3.

The passage shows that poor people are treated as burdens and are given minimal care. They live in harsh conditions with very little food, and any request for more is met with shock and punishment. Society is shown to lack empathy, viewing the poor as undeserving of compassion.

"In Daumier’s The Third-Class Carriage, class inequality in 19th-century society is depicted through the physical separation and somber expressions of the passengers. The cramped, uncomfortable conditions of the third-class carriage reflect the struggles of the working class, contrasting sharply with the luxury of the upper classes. The passengers’ weary faces and modest clothing emphasize their hardship and social status.“

4. 토론

Social inequality is caused by a combination of economic, educational, and systemic factors. First, income disparity is one of the main contributors. When wealth is concentrated in the hands of a few, many people are left without access to basic resources such as healthcare, housing, and food. Second, educational inequality plays a big role. Children from low-income families often attend underfunded schools, which limits their opportunities for higher education and good jobs. Finally, discrimination based on race, gender, or social class continues to create barriers for many individuals.

To resolve social inequality, several measures should be taken. Governments should implement fair tax systems and invest more in public education and healthcare. It’s also important to promote equal opportunities in the workplace and fight against all forms of discrimination. By addressing both the economic and social roots of inequality, we can build a more just and inclusive society.